Light groups are a type of pass that only contains lighting from a subset of light sources. They are created in the View layer, and light sources (lamps, objects with emissive materials and/or the environment) can be assigned to a group. Currently, each light group ends up generating its own version of the Combined pass. In the future, additional types of passes (e.g. shadowcatcher) might be getting their own per-lightgroup versions. The lightgroup creation and assignment is not Cycles-specific, so Eevee or external render engines could make use of it in the future. Note that Lightgroups are identified by their name - therefore, the name of the Lightgroup in the View Layer and the name that's set in an object's settings must match for it to be included. Currently, changing a Lightgroup's name does not update objects - this is planned for the future, along with other features such as denoising for light groups and viewing them in preview renders. Original patch by Alex Fuller (@mistaed), with some polishing by Lukas Stockner (@lukasstockner97). Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D12871