GHash Improvements #43766

Closed
opened 2015-02-21 15:21:03 +01:00 by Bastien Montagne · 5 comments

This task is related to work done on our GHash in temp-ghash-experiments branch.

Current Branch vs Master


This is a simple comparison between new code in branch and master one, using as close a possible same tests. Both are done using modulo, and no pre-reservation of buckets. Master uses load 3.0, new branch, load 0.75. New branch also adds hash stored in entries.

Master Branch
Insert ms Lookup ms Insert ms Lookup ms
-------------------------------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
Strings (1M words, 122M file) 8.287163 5.990606 2.646282 2.613921
100M first integers 18.988747 23.433619 18.983423 12.533957
50M random integers 8.690880 10.420476 8.778986 5.496768
50M random integers (no hash) 8.495241 9.679239 8.603362 5.333819
20M random 4D integers vectors 6.970162 5.530896 3.979335 2.019020

Notes:

  • Switching from a load 3.0 to 0.75 implies between one and two additional resizes in branch code, which means using pre-reservation gives even better speedup.
  • integer hashing uses 'uint in pointer' (i.e. value of the void pointer itself). We can see how this is efficient (no dereference at all), storing hashes in entries gives nearly no gain in this case during insert - even the super-quick 'modulo only' option (no hash in table above) gives nearly no speedup.
  • Storing hashes helps a lot with expansive hashing (strings…), and in all cases during lookup (because it avoids having to call cmpfp on all entries sharing a same bucket until we find the good one).

Reducing Load


Here are the results of some tests, ran using this corpus (1 million of words, about 122MB of text), from corpora.informatik.uni-leipzig.de.

Inserted keys were: the whole text, all its lines, and all its words, leading to 2 917 605 entries.

Pre-reservation of buckets Hash LoadT Type Insert ms Lookup ms Quality Variance Load % Empty % Overloaded %
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 0.75 Mask 2.556978 3.036947 1.002262 0.349653 34.78 70.68 4.84 (7)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 0.75 Mod 2.741920 3.156516 1.002311 0.349693 34.78 70.68 4.85 (7)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 3 Mask 3.567847 4.707220 1.002759 1.404238 139.12 25.03 5.36 (10)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 3 Mod 4.116788 5.141498 1.001088 1.396343 139.12 24.94 5.29 (11)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 0.75 Mask 2.836161 3.226247 1.000052 0.347848 34.78 70.63 4.82 (6)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 0.75 Mod 3.083521 3.520704 0.999960 0.347772 34.78 70.62 4.81 (7)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 3 Mask 3.807093 4.904332 0.999995 1.391200 139.12 24.89 5.27 (11)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 3 Mod 4.198665 5.395439 0.999922 1.390842 139.12 24.89 2.28 (9)
No pre-reservation of buckets Hash LoadT Type Insert ms Lookup ms Quality Variance Load % Empty % Overloaded %
-------------------------------- ---- ----- ---- ------ ------ ------- -------- ------ ------- ------------
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 0.75 Mask 6.177619 3.579811 1.001687 0.698775 69.56 49.95 15.45 (8)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 0.75 Mod 6.670569 4.010712 1.002150 0.699641 69.56 49.96 15.43 (8)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 3 Mask 7.459112 5.181792 1.002515 2.815917 278.24 6.29 30.41 (13)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 3 Mod 7.634238 5.366527 1.000709 2.791862 278.24 6.23 30.45 (14)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 0.75 Mask 5.133478 3.935534 1.000095 0.695790 69.56 49.88 15.43 (9)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 0.75 Mod 5.434215 4.090286 0.999919 0.695456 69.56 49.88 15.44 (8)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 3 Mask 6.287116 5.402290 1.000289 2.786288 278.24 6.20 30.43 (15)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 3 Mod 6.577213 5.520325 0.999844 2.780355 278.24 6.17 30.47 (16)

Notes:

  • GH stands for standard GHash hashing, MM2 for Murmur2 method
  • LoadT is the 'load threshold', i.e. the maximum average amount of entries per bucket.
  • Overloaded % is the percentage of buckets holding more entries than max(1, LoadT) (i.e. two or more for 0.75, four or more for 3).
  • Did same tests using first 100M integers, and 10M random vectors of four integers, as keys. Results are more or less similar as with strings.

From that we can conclude (at least for now) that:

  • Our current load threshold (3) is really an issue! We are talking of several tens of percent slower than with a threshold of 0.75, in insertion and lookup - memory saving seems really not worth it here!
  • Murmur2 hashing is slightly better than GHash one, but tradeoff in performances is not worth it usually (only exception would be big-enough strings, where it becomes better than our char-looping current hashing).
  • Modulo is even more slightly better than masking, but again, noticeably slower.

Also, we can see how important it is to pre-allocate (reserve) GHash buckets whenever possible. Resizing buckets is a very expansive operation. We can also see how interesting it can be to over-reserve buckets for better lookup times (see differences in lookup times between different % of load).


Storing Hashes


And now, here are some results with hashes stored in entries:

Pre-reservation of buckets Hash LoadT Type Insert ms Lookup ms Quality Variance Load % Empty % Overloaded %
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 0.75 Mask 2.182862 2.383782 1.002262 0.349653 34.78 70.68 4.84 (7)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 0.75 Mod 2.438983 2.601138 1.002311 0.349693 34.78 70.68 4.85 (7)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 0.75 Mask 2.439041 2.674447 1.000052 0.347848 34.78 70.63 4.82 (6)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 0.75 Mod 2.624448 2.830084 0.999960 0.347772 34.78 70.62 4.81 (7)
No pre-reservation of buckets Hash LoadT Type Insert ms Lookup ms Quality Variance Load % Empty % Overloaded %
-------------------------------- ---- ----- ---- ------ ------ ------- -------- ------ ------- ------------
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 0.75 Mask 2.475735 2.459534 1.001687 0.698775 69.56 49.95 15.45 (8)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) GH 0.75 Mod 2.743342 2.621367 1.002150 0.699641 69.56 49.96 15.43 (8)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 0.75 Mask 2.825784 2.770305 1.000095 0.695790 69.56 49.88 15.43 (9)
Strings (1M words, 122M file) MM2 0.75 Mod 3.047072a 2.975727 0.999919 0.695456 69.56 49.88 15.44 (8)

Benefits are obvious, non-reserved times are now quite close to reserve times even!


When Using Non-hashing Hash Functions


Yes, we do that in Blender - quit a bit actually!

Pre-reservation of buckets Hash LoadT Type Insert ms Lookup ms Quality Variance Load % Empty % Overloaded %
20M pointers from an array None 0.75 Mask 0.870727 0.500824 4.068809 5.344611 59.60 93.75 6.25 (10)
20M pointers from an array None 0.75 Mod 0.840899 0.320517 0.770402 0.240775 59.60 40.40 0.00 (1)

Here we store 20M entries using raw pointers addresses as keys (from an array, so keys are consecutive addresses). No surprise here, a single modulo division shines, because (due to load < 1) it can perfectly spread all entries, while masking (since addresses are not small values) fails quite heavily. Note that even in this hyper-worst-case scenario, performances of masking are not that catastrophic.

In any other tested cases (consecutive ints starting from zero, and random ints), masking and modulo get very similar results.

So I think either we decide to stick to modulo, accepting the (more or less) 10% loss of speed, or we decide to switch to masking, which involves a careful check of all cases where we are currently using raw integers as hashes (e.g. ghashutil_bmelem_indexhash(), imagecache_hashhash(), …). First solution looks simpler for now.


About memory


Here are some (rough) estimations for 100M of entries:

Memory usage for 100M entries GHash GSet
Memory (in MB) Buckets Entries Total Buckets Entries Total
------------------------------- ------- ------- ----- ------- ------- -----
Current Master (load: 3) 268 2400 2668 268 1600 1868
Load: 0.75 1074 2400 3474 1074 1600 2674
Load: 0.75, storing hashes 1074 3200 4274 1074 2400 3474

In other words, all proposed changes approximately increase the memory footprint of GHash of 60%, and of GSet of 86%.
But our typical usage in Blender nearly never involves more than a few millions entries (usually much less actually), so I would not consider that an issue?

This task is related to work done on our GHash in [temp-ghash-experiments](https://developer.blender.org/diffusion/B/browse/temp-ghash-experiments/) branch. Current Branch vs Master **** This is a simple comparison between new code in branch and master one, using as close a possible same tests. Both are done using modulo, and no pre-reservation of buckets. Master uses load 3.0, new branch, load 0.75. New branch also adds hash stored in entries. | | Master | | Branch | | -------------------------------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | | Insert ms | Lookup ms | Insert ms | Lookup ms | -------------------------------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | 8.287163 | 5.990606 | 2.646282 | 2.613921 | 100M first integers | 18.988747 | 23.433619 | 18.983423 | 12.533957 | 50M random integers | 8.690880 | 10.420476 | 8.778986 | 5.496768 | 50M random integers (no hash) | 8.495241 | 9.679239 | 8.603362 | 5.333819 | 20M random 4D integers vectors | 6.970162 | 5.530896 | 3.979335 | 2.019020 Notes: * Switching from a load 3.0 to 0.75 implies between one and two additional resizes in branch code, which means using pre-reservation gives even better speedup. * integer hashing uses 'uint in pointer' (i.e. value of the void pointer itself). We can see how this is efficient (no dereference at all), storing hashes in entries gives nearly no gain in this case during insert - even the super-quick 'modulo only' option (`no hash` in table above) gives nearly no speedup. * Storing hashes helps a lot with expansive hashing (strings…), and in all cases during lookup (because it avoids having to call cmpfp on all entries sharing a same bucket until we find the good one). Reducing Load **** Here are the results of some tests, ran using [this corpus](http:*corpora.uni-leipzig.de/downloads/eng_wikipedia_2010_1M-text.tar.gz) (1 million of words, about 122MB of text), from [corpora.informatik.uni-leipzig.de](http:*corpora.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/download.html). Inserted keys were: the whole text, all its lines, and all its words, leading to 2 917 605 entries. | Pre-reservation of buckets | Hash | LoadT | Type | Insert ms| Lookup ms | Quality | Variance | Load % | Empty % | Overloaded % | -------------------------------- | ---- | ----- | ---- | ------ | ------ | ------- | -------- | ------ | ------- | ------------ | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 0.75 | Mask | 2.556978 | 3.036947 | 1.002262 | 0.349653 | 34.78 | 70.68 | 4.84 (7) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 0.75 | Mod | 2.741920 | 3.156516 | 1.002311 | 0.349693 | 34.78 | 70.68 | 4.85 (7) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 3 | Mask | 3.567847 | 4.707220 | 1.002759 | 1.404238 | 139.12 | 25.03 | 5.36 (10) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 3 | Mod | 4.116788 | 5.141498 | 1.001088 | 1.396343 | 139.12 | 24.94 | 5.29 (11) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 0.75 | Mask | 2.836161 | 3.226247 | 1.000052 | 0.347848 | 34.78 | 70.63 | 4.82 (6) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 0.75 | Mod | 3.083521 | 3.520704 | 0.999960 | 0.347772 | 34.78 | 70.62 | 4.81 (7) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 3 | Mask | 3.807093 | 4.904332 | 0.999995 | 1.391200 | 139.12 | 24.89 | 5.27 (11) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 3 | Mod | 4.198665 | 5.395439 | 0.999922 | 1.390842 | 139.12 | 24.89 | 2.28 (9) | No pre-reservation of buckets | Hash | LoadT | Type | Insert ms| Lookup ms | Quality | Variance | Load % | Empty % | Overloaded % | -------------------------------- | ---- | ----- | ---- | ------ | ------ | ------- | -------- | ------ | ------- | ------------ | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 0.75 | Mask | 6.177619 | 3.579811 | 1.001687 | 0.698775 | 69.56 | 49.95 | 15.45 (8) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 0.75 | Mod | 6.670569 | 4.010712 | 1.002150 | 0.699641 | 69.56 | 49.96 | 15.43 (8) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 3 | Mask | 7.459112 | 5.181792 | 1.002515 | 2.815917 | 278.24 | 6.29 | 30.41 (13) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 3 | Mod | 7.634238 | 5.366527 | 1.000709 | 2.791862 | 278.24 | 6.23 | 30.45 (14) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 0.75 | Mask | 5.133478 | 3.935534 | 1.000095 | 0.695790 | 69.56 | 49.88 | 15.43 (9) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 0.75 | Mod | 5.434215 | 4.090286 | 0.999919 | 0.695456 | 69.56 | 49.88 | 15.44 (8) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 3 | Mask | 6.287116 | 5.402290 | 1.000289 | 2.786288 | 278.24 | 6.20 | 30.43 (15) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 3 | Mod | 6.577213 | 5.520325 | 0.999844 | 2.780355 | 278.24 | 6.17 | 30.47 (16) Notes: * *GH* stands for standard GHash hashing, *MM2* for Murmur2 method * *LoadT* is the 'load threshold', i.e. the maximum average amount of entries per bucket. * *Overloaded %* is the percentage of buckets holding more entries than max(1, LoadT) (i.e. two or more for 0.75, four or more for 3). * Did same tests using first 100M integers, and 10M random vectors of four integers, as keys. Results are more or less similar as with strings. From that we can conclude (at least for now) that: * Our current load threshold (3) is really an issue! We are talking of several tens of percent slower than with a threshold of 0.75, in insertion **and** lookup - memory saving seems really not worth it here! * Murmur2 hashing is *slightly* better than GHash one, but tradeoff in performances is not worth it usually (only exception would be big-enough strings, where it becomes better than our char-looping current hashing). * Modulo is even more slightly better than masking, but again, noticeably slower. Also, we can see how important it is to pre-allocate (reserve) GHash buckets whenever possible. Resizing buckets is a very expansive operation. We can also see how interesting it can be to over-reserve buckets for better lookup times (see differences in lookup times between different % of load). ---------- Storing Hashes **** And now, here are some results with hashes stored in entries: | Pre-reservation of buckets | Hash | LoadT | Type | Insert ms| Lookup ms | Quality | Variance | Load % | Empty % | Overloaded % | -------------------------------- | ---- | ----- | ---- | ------ | ------ | ------- | -------- | ------ | ------- | ------------ | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 0.75 | Mask | 2.182862 | 2.383782 | 1.002262 | 0.349653 | 34.78 | 70.68 | 4.84 (7) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 0.75 | Mod | 2.438983 | 2.601138 | 1.002311 | 0.349693 | 34.78 | 70.68 | 4.85 (7) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 0.75 | Mask | 2.439041 | 2.674447 | 1.000052 | 0.347848 | 34.78 | 70.63 | 4.82 (6) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 0.75 | Mod | 2.624448 | 2.830084 | 0.999960 | 0.347772 | 34.78 | 70.62 | 4.81 (7) | No pre-reservation of buckets | Hash | LoadT | Type | Insert ms| Lookup ms | Quality | Variance | Load % | Empty % | Overloaded % | -------------------------------- | ---- | ----- | ---- | ------ | ------ | ------- | -------- | ------ | ------- | ------------ | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 0.75 | Mask | 2.475735 | 2.459534 | 1.001687 | 0.698775 | 69.56 | 49.95 | 15.45 (8) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | GH | 0.75 | Mod | 2.743342 | 2.621367 | 1.002150 | 0.699641 | 69.56 | 49.96 | 15.43 (8) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 0.75 | Mask | 2.825784 | 2.770305 | 1.000095 | 0.695790 | 69.56 | 49.88 | 15.43 (9) | Strings (1M words, 122M file) | MM2 | 0.75 | Mod | 3.047072a | 2.975727 | 0.999919 | 0.695456 | 69.56 | 49.88 | 15.44 (8) Benefits are obvious, non-reserved times are now quite close to reserve times even! ---------- When Using Non-hashing Hash Functions **** Yes, we do that in Blender - quit a bit actually! | Pre-reservation of buckets | Hash | LoadT | Type | Insert ms| Lookup ms | Quality | Variance | Load % | Empty % | Overloaded % | -------------------------------- | ---- | ----- | ---- | ------ | ------ | ------- | -------- | ------ | ------- | ------------ | 20M pointers from an array | None | 0.75 | Mask | 0.870727 | 0.500824 | 4.068809 | 5.344611 | 59.60 | 93.75 | 6.25 (10) | 20M pointers from an array | None | 0.75 | Mod | 0.840899 | 0.320517 | 0.770402 | 0.240775 | 59.60 | 40.40 | 0.00 (1) Here we store 20M entries using raw pointers addresses as keys (from an array, so keys are consecutive addresses). No surprise here, a single modulo division shines, because (due to load < 1) it can perfectly spread all entries, while masking (since addresses are not small values) fails quite heavily. Note that even in this hyper-worst-case scenario, performances of masking are not that catastrophic. In any other tested cases (consecutive ints starting from zero, and random ints), masking and modulo get very similar results. So I think either we decide to stick to modulo, accepting the (more or less) 10% loss of speed, or we decide to switch to masking, which involves a careful check of all cases where we are currently using raw integers as hashes (e.g. `ghashutil_bmelem_indexhash()`, `imagecache_hashhash()`, …). First solution looks simpler for now. ---------- About memory **** Here are some (rough) estimations for 100M of entries: | Memory usage for 100M entries | GHash | | |GSet | | | ------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | ----- | ------- | ------- | ----- | Memory (in MB) | Buckets | Entries | Total | Buckets | Entries | Total | ------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | ----- | ------- | ------- | ----- | Current Master (load: 3) | 268 | 2400 | 2668 | 268 | 1600 | 1868 | Load: 0.75 | 1074 | 2400 | 3474 | 1074 | 1600 | 2674 | Load: 0.75, storing hashes | 1074 | 3200 | 4274 | 1074 | 2400 | 3474 In other words, all proposed changes approximately increase the memory footprint of GHash of 60%, and of GSet of 86%. But our typical usage in Blender nearly never involves more than a few millions entries (usually much less actually), so I would not consider that an issue?
Author
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Changed status to: 'Open'

Changed status to: 'Open'
Author
Owner

Added subscribers: @mont29, @ideasman42

Added subscribers: @mont29, @ideasman42
Author
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Next things to check:

  • Storing hash in Entry struct (could help a bit during resizes).
  • Try to be more drastic when increasing our buckets size, maybe incrementing by two (i.e. ~four times more buckets) instead of one (i.e. ~two times more buckets), at least for smaller sizes (maybe up to 2^16).
Next things to check: * Storing hash in Entry struct (could help a bit during resizes). * Try to be more drastic when increasing our buckets size, maybe incrementing by two (i.e. ~four times more buckets) instead of one (i.e. ~two times more buckets), at least for smaller sizes (maybe up to 2^16).
Author
Owner

Added hashes to entries, this gives another nice boost in resizing, but also lookup (due to the fact comparing the hash avoids us many comparison on actual key value, which can be expansive e.g. with strings, I guess).

Also tried to increment sizes by two (instead of one) for small ones (below 16), but this did not showed any benefit when inserting into a non-reserved ghash, times were actually even worse (not sure why).

Added hashes to entries, this gives another nice boost in resizing, but also lookup (due to the fact comparing the hash avoids us many comparison on actual key value, which can be expansive e.g. with strings, I guess). Also tried to increment sizes by two (instead of one) for small ones (below 16), but this did not showed any benefit when inserting into a non-reserved ghash, times were actually even worse (not sure why).
Bastien Montagne self-assigned this 2015-04-29 16:24:17 +02:00
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Changed status from 'Open' to: 'Archived'

Changed status from 'Open' to: 'Archived'
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Reference: blender/blender#43766
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